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The Chinese phrase Four Great Ancient Capitals of China () traditionally refers to Beijing (the current capital), Nanjing, Luoyang, and Chang'an (Xi'an). Due to additional evidence discovered since the 1930s, other historical capitals have been included in the list. The later phrase Seven Ancient Capitals of China includes Kaifeng (added in the 1920s as the fifth ancient capital), Hangzhou (the sixth, added in the 1930s), and Anyang (a proposal by numerous archaeologists in 1988, after which it finally became the seventh ancient capital). In 2004, the China Ancient Capital Society officially added Zhengzhou as an eighth due to archaeological finds from the early Shang dynasty there. ==List of historical capitals of China== In alphabetical order: * A'cheng (now a district of the city of Harbin), was the capital during the Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) from 1115 until 1153, called Shangjing Huining Fu. Destroyed in 1157 and re-established as a secondary capital of the empire in 1173. * Anyang was the capital during the Yin period of the Shang Dynasty (estimated between 1600 BC and 1046 BC): called Yin (殷, pinyin: Yīn). * Beijing (previously romanized as ''Peking'' in postal romanization; briefly known as ''Peip'ing'' in Wade-Giles (WG) or ''Běipíng'' in pinyin (py)), the Northern Capital, was and has been the capital of various Chinese governments including (sorted chronologically): ::State of Yan (Yen in WG) in Spring and Autumn Period (722-481 BC): called Ji (薊, pinyin: Jì). ::Liao Dynasty (907-1125), as a secondary capital: called Yanjing (燕京, pinyin: Yānjīng, "capital of Yan"). ::Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) from Emperor Shizong until 1215: called Zhongdu (中都, pinyin: Zhōngdū, "central capital"). ::Yuan Dynasty (1271 to 1368): called Dadu (大都, pinyin: Dàdū, "great capital") in Chinese, Daidu (a direct transliteration from Chinese〔Denis Twitchett, Herbert Franke, John K. Fairbank, in ''The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), p 454.〕) in Mongolian and Khanbaliq ("city of the Khan") in the Turkic languages. This was reported as "Cambuluc" by Marco Polo. ::Ming Dynasty from the time of the Ming Yongle Emperor (r. 1402/1424) until 1644 called Jīngshī (京師,"capital"). ::Qing Dynasty from the fall of the Ming in 1644 to the end of the dynasty in 1912. ::The Beiyang Government of the Republic of China. ::The current capital of the People's Republic of China. * Chengdu (WG: Ch'eng-tu) was the capital of the Shu Kingdom during the period of the Three Kingdoms. It was briefly the seat of Chiang's ROC government during the Chinese civil war with the Communist Party of China. * Chongqing (CPMR: ''Chungking'') was the provisional capital of the government of Chiang Kai-shek during World War II (Second Chinese-Japanese War), and was briefly the seat of Chiang's ROC government during the Chinese civil war with the Communist Party of China. * Datong (WG: Ta-t'ong) was the capital during Northern Wei Dynasty before moving to Luoyang in 493. *Guangzhou (formerly Romanized ''Canton'' from CPMR) ::Kingdom of Nanyue (206-111BC) ::Republic of China: it was seat of the National Government before the Northern Expedition, and was briefly the seat of Chiang's ROC government during the Chinese civil war with the Communist Party of China. * Hangzhou (also ''Hangchou'' or ''Hangchow'') was the capital of: ::The Wuyue Kingdom (904-978), during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. ::China during the Southern Song Dynasty: called Lin'an (臨安 Lín'ān). * Fenghao was the capital during the Western Zhou Dynasty, located near present-day Xi'an. * Kaifeng was the capital of various Chinese governments including (sorted chronologically): ::Later Liang during the Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. ::Later Jin during the Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. ::Later Han during the Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. ::Later Zhou during the Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. ::Northern Song Dynasty: called Dongjing (東京 Dōngjīng). * Luoyang was the capital of various Chinese governments including (sorted chronologically): ::Eastern Zhou Dynasty ::Eastern Han Dynasty from 25 to 220 ::Kingdom of Wei during the Three Kingdoms. ::Western Jin Dynasty ::Northern Wei Dynasty since 493, moved its capital from Datong. ::Zhou Dynasty from 690 to 705 ::Later Tang during the Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. ::Later Liang during the Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, from 909 to 913. * Nanjing (formerly Romanized ''Nanking'' (CPMR) or ''Nanching'' in WG), the Southern Capital was the capital of various Chinese governments including (sorted chronologically): ::all of the Six Dynasties: called Jianye (建業 Jiànyè) or Jiankang (建康 Jiànkāng). The Six Dynasties are: :::Kingdom of Wu during the Three Kingdoms. :::Eastern Jin Dynasty :::Liu Song Dynasty :::Southern Qi Dynasty :::Liang Dynasty :::Chen Dynasty :: Southern Tang during the Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. ::Ming Dynasty before Yongle Emperor moved the capital to Beijing. ::Taiping Tianguo (Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace and Prosperity) during the Taiping Rebellion. Known as Tianjing (天京，literally 'Heavenly Capital') between 1853 and its fall in 1864. ::Republic of China after the Northern Expedition until the Japanese invasion in 1937 of WWII, and after the war until Chiang Kai-Shek retreated to Taiwan in 1949. ::Wang Jingwei's pro-Japanese collaborationist government. * Taipei has been the de facto capital of the Republic of China since 1949 when the government relocated to Taiwan. * Wuhan was the capital of a leftist Kuomintang government led by Wang Jingwei in opposition to Chiang Kaishek during the 1920s. * Xanadu (Shangdu) (上都) was the summer capital of Kublai Khan's empire. * Xi'an (WG: ''Hsi'an''; called Chang'an in ancient times) was the capital of various Chinese governments including (sorted chronologically): ::Western Zhou Dynasty, also see Fenghao. ::State of Qin in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Qin Dynasty 221 BC-207 BC: Xi'an is located near the former Qin capital Xianyang (咸陽 Xiányáng). ::Western Han Dynasty from 206 BC to AD 9 ::Xin Dynasty from 8 to 23 ::Eastern Han Dynasty ::Western Jin Dynasty ::State of Former Zhao, a state in the Sixteen Kingdoms period during the Jin Dynasty (265-420). ::State of Former Qin from 351 to 394, during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. ::State of Later Qin from 384 to 417, during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. ::Western Wei Dynasty ::Northern Zhou Dynasty ::Sui Dynasty from 581 to 618 ::Tang Dynasty from 618 to 907 * Ye was the capital of Eastern Wei Dynasty and Northern Qi Dynasty. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Historical capitals of China」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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